<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><urlset xmlns="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9" xmlns:news="http://www.google.com/schemas/sitemap-news/0.9" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:image="http://www.google.com/schemas/sitemap-image/1.1" xmlns:video="http://www.google.com/schemas/sitemap-video/1.1"><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/about/instance/home</loc></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/browse?scope=local</loc></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/sv8MB2qxdNVoDthLUy7qDD</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/08a4a46f-aeb9-4aa1-85f2-86f2cc1e6711.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>1. Introduction to the Human Brain | MIT 9.13 The Human Brain, Spring 2019</video:title><video:description>MIT 9.13 The Human Brain, Spring 2019
Instructor: Nancy Kanwisher

Prof. Kanwisher tells a true story to introduce the course, then covers the why, how, and what of studying the human brain and gives a course overview.

View the complete course: https://ocw.mit.edu/9-13S19</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/d69ef913-56c7-43e5-81f0-7fa1a285ff57/4a8dab59-e09d-40fd-8497-d45b2ab45927-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/sv8MB2qxdNVoDthLUy7qDD</video:player_loc><video:duration>4796</video:duration><video:rating>5</video:rating><video:view_count>13</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2025-12-19T20:38:33.698Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/h8ThHZgG5xxTWUgqQfs1V2</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/7eb230fb-2717-420b-9661-1ec17fe8c8ae.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>97% Owned - The Cruel Truth Behind Money Credit and Financial Crisis</video:title><video:description>First fix the money,
Creating a monetary system which is both fair and stable is possible and can be achieved, what are international organizations for if not for such a purpose.
</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/82ac0852-df37-45e3-802b-981607147073/f32e9b5c-e1ed-4ce5-b60b-44df169136d1-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/h8ThHZgG5xxTWUgqQfs1V2</video:player_loc><video:duration>6240</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>7</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2025-12-27T09:30:08.421Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/3rd_degree_anarchist/videos">anarchist_of_the_3rd_degree</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/eMPnsb9goBGUZV2P2NGNQX</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/9ff7111a-7990-44e0-8f24-2c70902141d2.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>2. Neuroanatomy | MIT 9.13 The Human Brain, Spring 2019</video:title><video:description>MIT 9.13 The Human Brain, Spring 2019
Instructor: Nancy Kanwisher
Basic brief neuroanatomy review in preparation for dissection, including an introduction to the cortex, primary regions, and topographic maps.

* NOTE: Lecture 3. Master Class: Human Brain Dissection (in-class dissection—video not recorded)

License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at https://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at https://ocw.mit.edu
Support OCW at http://ow.ly/a1If50zVRlQ</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/6fac7706-1d5e-4690-a4fc-ba36f77e3b8f/361cb78a-6031-4278-b8a6-61213037e261-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/eMPnsb9goBGUZV2P2NGNQX</video:player_loc><video:duration>3018</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>4</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2025-12-30T07:13:04.998Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/hjoPCS7dVGoGJhtUfk8Kzc</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/9debbd7b-7cf5-4dba-8887-aa2e852c4467.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>4. Cognitive Neuroscience Methods I | MIT 9.13 The Human Brain, Spring 2019</video:title><video:description>MIT 9.13 The Human Brain, Spring 2019
Instructor: Nancy Kanwisher

Introduction to methods in cognitive neuroscience including computation, behavior, fMRI, ERPs &amp; MEG, neuropsychology patients, TMS, and intracranial recordings in humans and nonhuman primates.

* NOTE: Lecture 3. Master Class: Human Brain Dissection (in-class dissection—video not recorded)

License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at https://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at https://ocw.mit.edu
</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/8423aba9-0244-4f86-8f3b-6a4738a05f19/73f85463-ba69-438a-bc81-01714646236e-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/hjoPCS7dVGoGJhtUfk8Kzc</video:player_loc><video:duration>3638</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>3</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2025-12-30T07:55:18.842Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/surorym1FqxpcbceQ66SQ3</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/7eb69a2c-8da3-4e55-8e0d-9acd7d1d3e8a.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>5. Cognitive Neuroscience Methods II | MIT 9.13 The Human Brain, Spring 2019</video:title><video:description>MIT 9.13 The Human Brain, Spring 2019
Instructor: Nancy Kanwisher

Methods in cognitive neuroscience continued.

License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at https://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at https://ocw.mit.edu
</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/d6861371-f368-48c0-91cc-ffa434842ec2/2a11d2c5-69ae-4c18-97a8-4a34d3581f96-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/surorym1FqxpcbceQ66SQ3</video:player_loc><video:duration>4312</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>0</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2025-12-30T09:44:58.919Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/91sejeoGp5RVBmJA8UuFBz</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/e5faf977-883f-416e-a033-fde2eb2008c0.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>6. Experimental Design Review | MIT 9.13 The Human Brain, Spring 2019</video:title><video:description>MIT 9.13 The Human Brain, Spring 2019
Instructor: Nancy Kanwisher
View the complete course: https://ocw.mit.edu/9-13S19


This session reviews the last two lectures, face recognition, and explores types of experimental methods.

License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at https://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at https://ocw.mit.edu


</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/40d94618-ffd6-44fb-9804-307b25688f0b/6b176af7-9b35-4c30-a981-036f28dac917-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/91sejeoGp5RVBmJA8UuFBz</video:player_loc><video:duration>3408</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>3</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2025-12-30T10:52:47.872Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/r1NteqzakzrGYZxt5Vi2n8</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/b8bd938b-6e45-4066-b4da-975ef94205bc.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>7. Category Selectivity, Controversies, and MVPA | MIT 9.13 The Human Brain, Spring 2019</video:title><video:description>MIT 9.13 The Human Brain, Spring 2019
Instructor: Nancy Kanwisher

Covers controversies and alternative views of the ventral visual pathway, multiple voxel pattern analysis, and the two visual pathways.

License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at https://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at https://ocw.mit.edu
</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/ca911ab6-c4bd-45e7-93ae-4e81988fc8a5/73c9b105-ddf6-4cc9-8ffe-13fe703513e5-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/r1NteqzakzrGYZxt5Vi2n8</video:player_loc><video:duration>4163</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>0</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-01-01T11:03:22.218Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/uFbVMSVeveAQuGGmmyGrjq</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/077ec3f7-5015-47f2-ba96-ce302967cd94.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>8. Navigation I |MIT 9.13 The Human Brain, Spring 2019</video:title><video:description>MIT 9.13 The Human Brain, Spring 2019
Instructor: Nancy Kanwisher
View the complete course: https://ocw.mit.edu/9-13S19

The functional organization of scene perception and navigation and the various brain structures that implement them.

License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at https://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at https://ocw.mit.edu</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/e8389faf-ef99-40d3-bdff-8bbb60d51670/900ade56-ca52-4a13-9f5f-e1354b479a39-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/uFbVMSVeveAQuGGmmyGrjq</video:player_loc><video:duration>4990</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>3</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-01-01T23:25:22.497Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/7SsSwzT7qccJLxtFsk6Xzk</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/7fcd6ea6-0f37-41a9-8966-eacf70eea1ad.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>9. Navigation II | MIT 9.13 The Human Brain, Spring 2019</video:title><video:description>MIT 9.13 The Human Brain, Spring 2019
Instructor: Nancy Kanwisher
View the complete course: https://ocw.mit.edu/9-13S19

Scene perception and navigation continued.

License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at https://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at https://ocw.mit.edu
</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/37a29495-292a-4585-a29e-b97f96549dc1/55abf2ba-2b0a-4f50-8f69-d4760a1bacb4-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/7SsSwzT7qccJLxtFsk6Xzk</video:player_loc><video:duration>4310</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>1</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-01-03T00:53:22.953Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/5EQrKGWuQMvMxK1R4Vm823</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/0a17d36e-1571-4d46-8137-4bd3bb415d53.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>10. Development, Nature &amp; Nurture I | MIT 9.13 The Human Brain, Spring 2019</video:title><video:description>MIT 9.13 The Human Brain, Spring 2019
Instructor: Nancy Kanwisher
View the complete course: https://ocw.mit.edu/9-13S19


This lecture examines how we think the cortex organizes in the brain over infancy and childhood, and the function of genes vs experience.

License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at https://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at https://ocw.mit.edu


</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/25d0ac2f-0012-4bd8-872e-fc33db39abc8/f3c735e4-7c29-4d5d-9c8f-87f60d7dca3b-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/5EQrKGWuQMvMxK1R4Vm823</video:player_loc><video:duration>4868</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>4</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-01-03T22:19:23.278Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/5TcbD9n3PaRLJ1u4uBvWL4</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/2042a09e-2ce7-4e63-84c0-3c3745a1212a.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>11. Development, Nature &amp; Nurture II (2018) | MIT 9.13 The Human Brain, Spring 2019</video:title><video:description>MIT 9.13 The Human Brain, Spring 2019
Instructor: Nancy Kanwisher
View the complete course: https://ocw.mit.edu/9-13S19


Continues the discussion of genes vs experience on cortical organization, and whether the cortex can change in adulthood.

License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at https://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at https://ocw.mit.edu
</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/278a6103-7951-4926-bab7-77c379ed918b/ca727353-421b-4184-b5bc-075dd09b2c23-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/5TcbD9n3PaRLJ1u4uBvWL4</video:player_loc><video:duration>4669</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>0</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-01-05T08:26:23.939Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/dT7sArmjQztv9rVxJFuFAj</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/7f1fba35-e7f2-43c4-a012-74df5d514682.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>13. Number | The Human Brain, Spring 2019</video:title><video:description>MIT 9.13 The Human Brain, Spring 2019
Instructor: Nancy Kanwisher
View the complete course: https://ocw.mit.edu/9-13S19

Explores the nature of the human representation of number and how it is implemented in the brain.

* NOTE: Lecture 14: New Methods Applied to Number (student breakout groups—video not recorded)

License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at https://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at https://ocw.mit.edu</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/6850938e-481d-43a5-816e-35b256eb6192/d24932e0-11e4-4cae-a965-5e0cfc63bd07-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/dT7sArmjQztv9rVxJFuFAj</video:player_loc><video:duration>4223</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>1</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-01-05T22:30:24.134Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/kx4RNYJ3PDzbanQaUj1bqg</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/44090423-66c5-4866-a564-fa4f89cd5b9e.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>15. Hearing and Speech | MIT 9.13 The Human Brain, Spring 2019</video:title><video:description>MIT 9.13 The Human Brain, Spring 2019
Instructor: Nancy Kanwisher
View the complete course: https://ocw.mit.edu/9-13S19

Humans use hearing in species-specific ways, for speech and music. Ongoing research is working out the functional organization of these and other human auditory skills.

* NOTE: Lecture 14: New Methods Applied to Number (student breakout groups—video not recorded)

License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at https://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at https://ocw.mit.edu
</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/9e3411c9-1ff0-4ce9-99e5-1824f6a227c7/09bfb82b-c798-4f7d-bc74-152fb1447095-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/kx4RNYJ3PDzbanQaUj1bqg</video:player_loc><video:duration>4710</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>0</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-01-07T01:09:24.519Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/t89yqnH83mc8hAHTz6gQUi</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/73492c8b-41cb-4550-a0ac-45588dbe9016.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>16. Music | MIT 9.13 The Human Brain, Spring 2019</video:title><video:description>MIT 9.13 The Human Brain, Spring 2019
Instructor: Nancy Kanwisher
View the complete course: https://ocw.mit.edu/9-13S19

The functional organization of music in human beings.

* NOTE: Lecture 17: MEG Decoding and RSA (video not recorded)

License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at https://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at https://ocw.mit.edu
</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/dba63990-9255-47ab-9d19-2484e4fe5921/f0d239bb-c512-4e98-a78c-6627550dd90d-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/t89yqnH83mc8hAHTz6gQUi</video:player_loc><video:duration>4343</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>1</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-01-08T08:55:25.173Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/fi1KKR1CXM4fedEKTvpXJE</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/f2046c17-a867-42f4-b100-d5665d2f4980.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>18. Language I | MIT 9.13 The Human Brain, Spring 2019</video:title><video:description>MIT 9.13 The Human Brain, Spring 2019
Instructor: Nancy Kanwisher
View the complete course: https://ocw.mit.edu/9-13S19


Covers the basic organization of language in the brain and the long-standing question of the relationship between thought and language.

* NOTE: Lecture 17: MEG Decoding and RSA (video not recorded)
* NOTE: Lecture 19: Language II (class canceled—video not recorded)

License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at https://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at https://ocw.mit.edu
</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/73c00cdd-66c7-4d75-95f5-9ba8c9e9b96e/952521f9-8d81-42c0-80d7-2765787d5bb3-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/fi1KKR1CXM4fedEKTvpXJE</video:player_loc><video:duration>4138</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>0</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-01-10T00:53:26.003Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/kUrFoRRPe4i3zC6WLJD49M</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/d8d5c7b9-58aa-4d40-a7cd-8f84294a2718.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>20. Theory of Mind &amp; Mentalizing | MIT 9.13 The Human Brain, Spring 2019</video:title><video:description>MIT 9.13 The Human Brain, Spring 2019
Instructor: Nancy Kanwisher
View the complete course: https://ocw.mit.edu/9-13S19

The ability of humans to think about what other people are thinking is implemented in brain regions highly specialized for this function alone.

* NOTE: Lecture 19: Language II (class canceled—video not recorded)

License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at https://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at https://ocw.mit.edu
</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/a13022cd-edb5-44e4-9341-b920aed23151/46a839d4-d872-4477-b592-95620c7c14e2-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/kUrFoRRPe4i3zC6WLJD49M</video:player_loc><video:duration>4561</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>0</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-01-10T22:45:26.475Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/8LzfR1EYi5AcnEQcRyxx8L</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/c7c92a94-7b58-4bdb-843a-b8cc554eed4d.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>21. Brain Networks | MIT 9.13 The Human Brain, Spring 2019</video:title><video:description>MIT 9.13 The Human Brain, Spring 2019
Instructor: Nancy Kanwisher
View the complete course: https://ocw.mit.edu/9-13S19

Looks at the major white matter tracts in the human brain, predicting function and correlations between regions.

* NOTE: Lecture 22: Experimental Design (student breakout groups—video not recorded)
* NOTE: Lecture 23: Deep Networks (2021) (video will be added maybe?)

License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at https://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at https://ocw.mit.edu
</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/3ee930f2-e91f-422e-a4a0-4d82982c8a56/d7b3ff76-7686-48a8-8020-ffbacb1c4591-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/8LzfR1EYi5AcnEQcRyxx8L</video:player_loc><video:duration>5003</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>2</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-01-12T02:23:26.977Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/hpFR3vX5y57LAWUXfSAkdh</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/dba7608e-b6bd-48d6-8700-61253676c833.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>24. Attention and Awareness | MIT 9.13 The Human Brain, Spring 2019</video:title><video:description>MIT 9.13 The Human Brain, Spring 2019
Instructor: Nancy Kanwisher
View the complete course: https://ocw.mit.edu/9-13S19


Looks at the differences in the mind and brain between perceptual information we are aware of versus information we are not.

* NOTE: Lecture 23: Deep Networks (2021) (video will be added soon)

License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at https://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at https://ocw.mit.edu
</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/84e0e187-cad9-4d95-8bb6-ff1b281ed564/161c617e-9c57-470d-b912-93d2e329d63b-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/hpFR3vX5y57LAWUXfSAkdh</video:player_loc><video:duration>3403</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>1</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-01-12T20:46:27.331Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/mRXNvCRfxJa2LVqMXfpp3q</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/4d185671-db16-4bdd-ac0e-863ebcba7871.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>Lecture 1： Introduction to Superposition | MIT 8.04 Quantum Physics I, Spring 2013</video:title><video:description>MIT 8.04 Quantum Physics I, Spring 2013
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/8-04S13
Instructor: Allan Adams

In this lecture, Prof. Adams discusses a series of thought experiments involving "box apparatus" to illustrate the concepts of uncertainty and superposition, which are central to quantum mechanics. The first ten minutes are devoted to course information.

License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/a8f09b69-a130-45a7-abae-f652ee83b2e0/cd98a3fb-c9d1-4e5e-8440-b85ab177f682-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/mRXNvCRfxJa2LVqMXfpp3q</video:player_loc><video:duration>4566</video:duration><video:rating>5</video:rating><video:view_count>3</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-01-21T07:14:32.705Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/azgpw9sy93gbpgT3538HjL</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/4fa3902d-03f5-4fa3-9769-fd92fe5dea58.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>Lecture 2： Experimental Facts of Life | MIT 8.04 Quantum Physics I, Spring 2013</video:title><video:description>MIT 8.04 Quantum Physics I, Spring 2013
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/8-04S13
Instructor: Allan Adams

In this lecture, Prof. Adams gives a panoramic view on various experimental evidence that indicates the inadequacy of pre-quantum physics. He concludes the lecture with a short discussion on Bell's inequality.

License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/4d87494d-39e5-409d-8936-9a71881dafbc/ddbc3c2b-c00d-47ee-b0a8-1b7b5a48d246-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/azgpw9sy93gbpgT3538HjL</video:player_loc><video:duration>4812</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>3</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-01-21T23:57:33.714Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/sAN28PV7cAirpjBGbthscz</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/5fd005c7-a3d7-4819-9ca2-1007910ecdb3.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>Lecture 3： The Wave Function | MIT 8.04 Quantum Physics I, Spring 2013</video:title><video:description>MIT 8.04 Quantum Physics I, Spring 2013
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/8-04S13
Instructor: Allan Adams

In this lecture, Prof. Adams introduces wave functions as the fundamental quantity in describing quantum systems. Basic properties of wavefunctions are covered. Uncertainty and superposition are reiterated in the language of wavefunctions.

License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/d76940ff-fca2-4c57-a3dd-0b923da09137/c70e41e4-540f-4e78-b917-6a5ed397dcaf-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/sAN28PV7cAirpjBGbthscz</video:player_loc><video:duration>4674</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>5</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-01-27T02:14:44.910Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/6Qd2g5m9HGNx1Arcjj7hMX</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/68b91449-3b44-417b-b8e4-1b78424c2fda.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>Lecture 4： Expectations, Momentum, and Uncertainty | MIT 8.04 Quantum Physics I, Spring 2013</video:title><video:description>MIT 8.04 Quantum Physics I, Spring 2013
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/8-04S13
Instructor: Allan Adams

In this lecture, Prof. Adams begins with a round of multiple choice questions. He then moves on to introduce the concept of expectation values and motivate the fact that momentum is given by a differential operator with Noether's theorem.

License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/2f38cd8b-7e42-4366-bd61-d9e9b4ff8339/ac8aa496-d0ef-465f-a82c-cd89a70a939b-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/6Qd2g5m9HGNx1Arcjj7hMX</video:player_loc><video:duration>4807</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>3</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-03-27T04:35:11.701Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/i1ia5rEW39Y3WpWr7hVZsE</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/cb1d51c3-a7f6-458c-8e55-13d86ea8044f.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>Lecture 5： Operators and the Schrödinger Equation | MIT 8.04 Quantum Physics I, Spring 2013</video:title><video:description>MIT 8.04 Quantum Physics I, Spring 2013
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/8-04S13
Instructor: Allan Adams

In this lecture, Prof. Adams begins with a round of multiple choice questions. He then moves on to introduce the concept of expectation values and motivate the fact that momentum is given by a differential operator with Noether's theorem.

License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/89b5ee27-1d0d-4aed-aa01-cb98f363fe56/7f37e018-adaf-4323-88fd-ff8fe6cfcb98-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/i1ia5rEW39Y3WpWr7hVZsE</video:player_loc><video:duration>4994</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>0</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-03-29T15:41:49.090Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/2Ci1wJFJoKr1EZDij3o1Sr</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/38d5b2f6-e5dd-4812-8e92-d4080be552d0.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>Laser Fundamentals I ｜ MIT OCW Understanding Lasers and Fiberoptics</video:title><video:description>Laser Fundamentals I
Instructor: Shaoul Ezekiel
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/RES-6-005S08

License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/0d2a6589-bc5e-47c5-a929-f789e84a25fd/2353838e-d8e3-4be9-868f-75077598b5d7-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/2Ci1wJFJoKr1EZDij3o1Sr</video:player_loc><video:duration>3494</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>4</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-04-30T22:31:47.247Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/5buKyHkJQYqLabX3orcsZ5</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/b3260924-1df1-4181-a7bc-db93313d93c7.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>Laser Fundamentals II ｜ MIT OCW Understanding Lasers and Fiberoptics</video:title><video:description>Laser Fundamentals II
Instructor: Shaoul Ezekiel
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/RES-6-005S08

License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/21dbb5f9-6c52-4552-97b8-8df57569969e/a8477aaa-5276-4172-a436-b916b5915dfa-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/5buKyHkJQYqLabX3orcsZ5</video:player_loc><video:duration>3289</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>0</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-05-01T22:35:53.572Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/uJ92MiXWd8vKS8eC7ozqno</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/a59046d6-d6c9-4ab9-9a10-54532b43a4b0.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>Laser Fundamentals III ｜ MIT OCW Understanding Lasers and Fiberoptics</video:title><video:description>Laser Fundamentals III
Instructor: Shaoul Ezekiel
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/RES-6-005S08

License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/e8a211e6-5484-435a-ae35-1fa26954e900/e5cfda9a-466d-42f0-86a5-815652fad8d2-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/uJ92MiXWd8vKS8eC7ozqno</video:player_loc><video:duration>3253</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>0</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-05-03T17:36:01.817Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/bQ4gxRSmqDKSWRuEkvwXbR</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/cde3541d-0a57-423e-a9c6-14ef2af6e2e1.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>Laser Fundamentals III (cont.) ｜ MIT OCW Understanding Lasers and Fiberoptics</video:title><video:description>Laser Fundamentals III (cont.)
Instructor: Shaoul Ezekiel
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/RES-6-005S08

License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/57b11a01-fcd2-4b4a-bf22-d31bf966ac11/015a22ad-8964-4022-b13c-3627057f4780-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/bQ4gxRSmqDKSWRuEkvwXbR</video:player_loc><video:duration>3334</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>0</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-05-04T18:03:28.105Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/q3TRgSxMTChRnyCLffdKqr</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/aeb0c662-17fb-46c8-a643-85d3fc111917.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>Fiberoptics Fundamentals ｜ MIT OCW Understanding Lasers and Fiberoptics</video:title><video:description>Fiberoptics Fundamentals
Instructor: Shaoul Ezekiel
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/RES-6-005S08

License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/c2c2c4cf-eacf-44d7-a2b9-c34715c1cd15/bd3d91f2-5a18-44c2-a760-0910b7c52103-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/q3TRgSxMTChRnyCLffdKqr</video:player_loc><video:duration>3293</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>1</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-05-05T18:11:42.005Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/2yiUZRdZxwTeExBPfH8Wky</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/102a2d6e-9c69-40b1-8f6d-9f396a74f08b.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>Microscopy： Abbe Diffraction (Kurt Thorn)</video:title><video:description>Learn more: https://www.ibiology.org/talks/abbe-diffraction/

This lecture/lab describes the famous experiments of Ernst Abbe which showed how diffraction of light by a specimen (and interference with the illuminating light) gives rise to an image  and how collection of diffracted light defines the resolution of the microscope.  These concepts are demonstrated by using a diffraction grating as a specimen and visualizing and comparing the diffraction pattern in the back focal plane as well as the image in the image plane.</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/0c9bfaa2-5566-4a7a-b1d9-ce2e37b003ae/13861011-0fb2-4b29-b0cb-c67bb94d2a4f-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/2yiUZRdZxwTeExBPfH8Wky</video:player_loc><video:duration>1221</video:duration><video:rating>5</video:rating><video:view_count>1</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-05-26T06:24:54.343Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/vx1bPjKxeK6eQMUNPTNkxQ</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/8bae7155-ca23-48ac-b77f-ca65e401eb5e.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>Microscopy： Adjusting the Eyepiece and Camera (Nico Stuurman)</video:title><video:description>Learn more: https://www.ibiology.org/talks/adjust-the-eyepiece/

When switching the microscope from the eyepiece to the camera, it is useful that the camera is immediately in focus.  This video tip shows you how to setup your microscope such that this is the case.</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/ef2d3164-0cf6-4736-950f-f7a70b1b2122/2a235fd8-f432-416c-8a7b-af581470bf54-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/vx1bPjKxeK6eQMUNPTNkxQ</video:player_loc><video:duration>307</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>0</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-05-21T03:46:06.161Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/a2CMy6hjETCoZJfAeU4BGU</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/be7d1c9c-3eab-472d-b6f1-599fa95d6e7c.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>Microscopy： Camera Calibration (Nico Stuurman)</video:title><video:description>Learn more: https://www.ibiology.org/talks/camera-calibration/

How good is my camera?  This video shows you how to measure a camera dark image, calculate the readout noise, estimate the dark current, get a camera flat field image using a plastic cup and a cell phone screen, and estimate the photon conversion factor and full well capacity by measuring a photon transfer curve.</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/491ca959-5144-42f5-b62e-fbf73328c788/d86241d5-e04e-4ef6-be1a-54a2f3d8a73d-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/a2CMy6hjETCoZJfAeU4BGU</video:player_loc><video:duration>1172</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>0</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-05-22T05:37:39.848Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/jAF8LyxT2CgLh2gt9sP9YS</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/5c17bf1d-f7f9-4eb6-a354-7bb21766160f.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>Microscopy： Cameras and Detectors I： How Do They Work？ (Nico Stuurman)</video:title><video:description>Learn more: https://www.ibiology.org/talks/photosensitive-detectors/

Photosensitive detectors are used in microscopy to generate digital images. This lecture introduces the two main classes of detectors: single-point (Photo-multipliers and Photo-diodes) and multi-point detectors (cameras) and explains their basic principles.</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/969be6b5-5c68-4f60-89b1-fbe2f7cd933a/56e60863-6799-4392-8641-54b2de49971e-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/jAF8LyxT2CgLh2gt9sP9YS</video:player_loc><video:duration>1377</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>0</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-05-21T04:30:42.473Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/inSCtkTgmnbsGZgGm8aE3B</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/18208ec1-dae8-4a79-85e6-cd2c8419e8fc.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>Microscopy： Cameras and Detectors II： Specifications and Performance (Nico Stuurman)</video:title><video:description>Learn more: https://www.ibiology.org/talks/cameras-detectors-ii/

This second detector lecture discusses how to match the pixel size of your camera to the optical resolution of the microscope, it touches on quantum efficiency and its improvement by back-illumination, it then discusses various noise sources, such as photon shot noise, read-noise and fixed pattern noise, ways to reduce noise in the image such as binning and electron multiplication gain and shows how measurement of noise can be used to measure the camera's photon conversion factor.</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/8cb92d71-1ed9-4f36-834c-36e4ceffd3c7/84a99df1-5deb-429e-bf4e-e863ab87f07b-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/inSCtkTgmnbsGZgGm8aE3B</video:player_loc><video:duration>2186</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>0</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-05-21T03:47:39.464Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/fibntzoWWvK13LLHcfDc3b</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/63a3a6e0-470c-49af-903d-9ecb39a09381.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>Microscopy： Cameras and Digital Image Analysis (Nico Stuurman)</video:title><video:description>Learn more: https://www.ibiology.org/talks/digital-image-analysis/

This lecture describes how digital cameras for microscopes work, what a "pixel" is, Nyquist sampling, the dynamic range, noise, and color cameras. The features of an image is described, included bit-depth, intensity scaling and histograms, file formats and basic image processing.</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/73c5f9ea-7098-409a-80e3-ce66fd7953d2/94067ec6-5695-4c7a-961b-2c9837e20833-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/fibntzoWWvK13LLHcfDc3b</video:player_loc><video:duration>2020</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>1</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-05-21T03:47:53.156Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/78occCZRvoJ8HNBYTmZaZn</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/c162b7d4-bd0c-49fc-872d-60daaa677752.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>Microscopy： Correcting for Spherical Aberration with a Correction Collar (Stephen Ross)</video:title><video:description>Learn more: https://www.ibiology.org/talks/spherical-aberattion/

Many microscope objectives are equipped with collars that correct for spherical aberration induced by varying optical thicknesses of the sample substrate, distance between the sample and the substrate or temperature changes.  This video tip describes how you set this correction collar to the position optimal for your sample.</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/319eb720-b520-4ba4-98d5-79c043bedbcb/07f3ff31-9ff4-4053-92a4-f864b64fb137-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/78occCZRvoJ8HNBYTmZaZn</video:player_loc><video:duration>322</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>0</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-06-01T06:36:10.724Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/ti77nKaz6uV1t58eNB1Z3T</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/6a85a953-7537-40ba-bd74-cfe150fe1963.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>Microscopy： Diffraction (Jeff Lichtman)</video:title><video:description>Learn more: https://www.ibiology.org/talks/diffraction/

Description: Light has properties of particles and waves.  Understanding the wave nature of light is essential to understanding the workings of a microscope.  This lecture describes Huygens Wavelets, constructive/destructive interference, and diffraction.</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/dd0a273d-2620-4b40-a83e-64b72bdd1e5b/301f09ff-cead-44eb-ae42-4fb74519df29-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/ti77nKaz6uV1t58eNB1Z3T</video:player_loc><video:duration>1554</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>1</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-05-28T06:28:36.026Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/5aiwUsxMjReky7f7mwTXfc</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/5b895a7e-6189-4727-b9d4-5f30d8a7e92a.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>Microscopy： Early History of Microscopy (Joseph Gall)</video:title><video:description>Learn more: https://www.ibiology.org/talks/history-of-early-microscopes/

Talk Overview: Joseph Gall takes us through the history of early microscopes and the discovery of the cell. Compound microscopes were invented alongside the telescope in the 17th century; however these microscopes were not widely used until the late 19th century due to optical aberrations. In the meantime, simple microscopes were used throughout the 1700s and 1800s to make major discoveries in biology, including the first descriptions of the nucleus, cilia, cells, bacteria, and protozoans. Once optics improved in the mid to late 1800s, compound microscopes were used to discover chromosomes, mitosis, and other cellular structures. 

About the Speaker: Joe Gall: Joseph Gall is a Professor at the Carnegie Institution for Science and is a leader in the field of cell biology. He has spent much of his career studying the nucleus and its contents, and has made numerous significant contributions to our understanding of chromosome structure and function. Gall, a distinguished microscopist, is one of the first members and an early president of the American Society for Cell Biology. Gall, who is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, has received numerous awards for his contributions to science, including the Louisa Horwitz Prize and an Albert Lasker Special Achievement Award.</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/21b10db6-57af-4c7a-9ee2-ac009f22a6cb/e6351bf6-64b1-4935-a3c4-010256dfd6b4-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/5aiwUsxMjReky7f7mwTXfc</video:player_loc><video:duration>1553</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>0</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-05-21T03:45:52.988Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/5yBmZovmatVKyCW4JEuLqo</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/8a7c0116-c5d2-4ee6-b649-c1106d51007c.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>Microscopy： Eyepieces (Stephen Ross)</video:title><video:description>Learn more: https://www.ibiology.org/talks/eyepieces/

A short description of what is in an eyepiece and how they work.</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/24f225d7-583a-41ac-a218-b035a93d1276/444e3b71-2d66-4c44-8842-db7263d456fd-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/5yBmZovmatVKyCW4JEuLqo</video:player_loc><video:duration>176</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>0</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-05-25T06:22:44.432Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/iiZRHibNByUidpKvQMHCou</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/8b6a0f3b-93d1-4bd7-b9bb-39df096f1352.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>Microscopy： Finding Dirt in Your Optical System (Stephen Ross)</video:title><video:description>Learn more: https://www.ibiology.org/talks/cleaning-a-microscope/

Dirt in the microscope degrades image quality.  This video explains how an understanding of the optical path helps you find where the dirt is located.</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/8c2ea832-3fcc-40bd-8e12-8d152381f420/c8581225-3834-425c-939a-ee86fb880b14-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/iiZRHibNByUidpKvQMHCou</video:player_loc><video:duration>362</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>1</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-05-31T06:34:58.030Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/e2VQdhs27f2Y8dztvgMAuZ</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/7115f860-dd28-4573-8b2d-b0bfaef40491.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>Microscopy： Features of an Objective (Stephen Ross)</video:title><video:description>Learn more: https://www.ibiology.org/talks/features-of-an-objective-lens/

Objective lenses are inscribed with a lot of information.  This video explains what all those markings actually mean.</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/698bb895-5804-423b-9cdb-c65784f8c2b1/bd7490e8-b334-4a4c-b36a-d93eb77598e3-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/e2VQdhs27f2Y8dztvgMAuZ</video:player_loc><video:duration>280</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>1</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-05-25T06:22:44.698Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/krjdPtroAc37wcSr7L4o7F</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/ca85be90-ace9-4305-8592-38807086fb22.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>Microscopy： Fourier Space (Bo Huang)</video:title><video:description>Learn more: https://www.ibiology.org/talks/fourier-transform/

The Fourier transform is intimately associated with microscopy, since the alternating planes occurring in the microscope (focal plane - back-focal plane, etc.)  are related to each other by a function very similar to the Fourier transform.  This lectures explains the Fourier transform in terms understandable to non-mathematicians, and explains the relations with microscopy.</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/9d667537-f949-4017-9274-665642c369d3/f2653a51-4e99-4ce0-93fb-1fae2aa75ac8-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/krjdPtroAc37wcSr7L4o7F</video:player_loc><video:duration>1246</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>0</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-05-29T06:30:47.525Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/uMsmbodUYV5cThN3iHgdMc</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/d40f9504-fa15-4ddb-b7b4-05af0bf5f70e.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>Microscopy： How To Clean an Objective Lens (Kurt Thorn)</video:title><video:description>Learn more: https://www.ibiology.org/talks/clean-objective-lenses/

Dirt and residue on the surface objective lenses and filters can degrade image quality.  This tip describes how to inspect lens and filters for dirt and how to clean them properly with solvent so that these expensive components will not be damaged in the process.</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/e91896f0-9893-4c20-9fbf-8025b04fe0f5/f7a1f40d-fe02-423c-a171-6bedb816e39d-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/uMsmbodUYV5cThN3iHgdMc</video:player_loc><video:duration>464</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>0</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-05-27T06:27:19.702Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/8NxnsHZy5D5GpVpoEUoR1E</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/9a724a01-67d6-4d54-8216-d0b3a5f1f3c9.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>Microscopy： How To Focus (Ron Vale)</video:title><video:description>Learn more: https://www.ibiology.org/talks/focal-plane/

Focusing is the first step in microscopy.  This video provides some tips on how to find the right focal plane.</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/3f2f8439-2bfa-4c81-9e2e-fdba310f967a/e9bdee2b-0973-4f5d-8af8-17ff63d06806-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/8NxnsHZy5D5GpVpoEUoR1E</video:player_loc><video:duration>669</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>0</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-05-30T06:31:53.001Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/ihYnXxi9MDrzYjjvqCJ5Ks</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/58718d79-0ad6-4631-9978-a1e3611f2333.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>Microscopy： Image Analysis (Kurt Thorn)</video:title><video:description>Learn more: https://www.ibiology.org/talks/image-analysis/

This lecture shows how and why to perform background subtraction and shading correction of digital microscope images, how digital image filters work and which ones to use, and describes thresholding and manipulation of binary images such as erosion and dilation.</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/8c0a0087-e503-4038-8f7f-e96abd59f678/f52b2865-5d21-4c59-8f4b-8f060d948a0d-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/ihYnXxi9MDrzYjjvqCJ5Ks</video:player_loc><video:duration>1766</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>0</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-05-24T05:45:39.534Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/rcNcKWHHrQR9gvwSRhX6Fb</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/07608781-13c5-4eee-a374-7893a213fb80.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>Microscopy： Introduction to Digital Images (Kurt Thorn)</video:title><video:description>Digital images are collections of measurements of photon flux.  To display, manipulate, store and make measurements of digital images, you need a basic understanding as provided in this lecture.</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/cc1a1f14-7d3f-41eb-b263-e6855bd11c4c/aa11b0af-621f-44ff-95f9-901093f08af8-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/rcNcKWHHrQR9gvwSRhX6Fb</video:player_loc><video:duration>1834</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>0</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-05-23T05:42:37.297Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/c9FSBdP8EZVbwUGWTpMqTx</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/5a2e1740-c721-400d-8a48-8eb1ee653d49.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>Microscopy： Lenses and Image Formation (Daniel Fletcher)</video:title><video:description>Learn more: https://www.ibiology.org/talks/lenses-image-formation-short-course/

Light microscopes use lenses.  The basic properties of light, how light interacts with matter, the principles behind refractive lenses and how lenses form (magnified) images will be introduced in this talk.</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/5a4b0c39-0521-4765-8f64-95786ddf70e5/fcc2d30b-e13d-4792-b0ff-e74708338f78-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/c9FSBdP8EZVbwUGWTpMqTx</video:player_loc><video:duration>2207</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>0</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-05-21T03:45:18.574Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/sx4mxc997699otmuKjWPK4</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/c65f1f95-cecf-48e9-bc90-f53cacb242b8.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>Microscopy： Light Sources (Nico Stuurman)</video:title><video:description>Learn more: https://www.ibiology.org/talks/light-sources-for-microscopy/

Most light source under the sun (sun included) can be used in microscopy.  This video shows a few examples of light sources that are currently used in microscopes, including Halogen lamps, Metal Halide burners, LEDs, and lasers.</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/d6e3baa4-2645-46a5-8898-d7044136cccd/9792b42e-ecb6-493d-8706-a07dc6ffdacd-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/sx4mxc997699otmuKjWPK4</video:player_loc><video:duration>439</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>0</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-06-02T06:38:24.224Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/rwyS6fxT8MMYS1it2SMD83</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/3f9393bd-cf47-4f05-9e9c-4a077b47a334.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>Microscopy： Measuring The Point Spread Function (Nico Stuurman)</video:title><video:description>Learn more: https://www.ibiology.org/talks/measuring-a-point-spread-function/

Description: This video shows how to prepare a bead slide and image the beads in a microscope to obtain its point spread function.</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/ceb90853-f76e-45ed-9b4a-606f85e96ad4/ac141d64-6d69-4671-8b5a-94d6442bc495-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/rwyS6fxT8MMYS1it2SMD83</video:player_loc><video:duration>916</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>3</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-05-31T06:32:57.958Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/5yQFHwouXyod8JFY1EYTMP</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/840bb1ea-a6e2-4f69-b214-6a9de2edbc54.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>Microscopy： Microscope Imaging and Koehler Illumination (Ron Vale)</video:title><video:description>Learn more: https://www.ibiology.org/talks/koehler-illumination/

This lecture covers the lenses of the microscope and how they are used to focus light onto a specimen and how light from the specimen is focused onto a camera or the retina of an eye.  Koehler illumination, which provides even illumination of a sample, is described.</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/24fa5bbb-5dc8-49e0-95d6-cd82f3c9a92d/b1e5ce5d-f758-4c8c-a0a4-9bdef7d58b3e-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/5yQFHwouXyod8JFY1EYTMP</video:player_loc><video:duration>1366</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>1</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-05-21T05:32:19.263Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/gbvKBJcrgPCQFtxnCvBHu4</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/03fc0c00-30f5-4fc1-a45f-b8296177b0c5.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>Microscopy： Objectives and Eyepieces (Stephen Ross)</video:title><video:description>Learn more: https://www.ibiology.org/talks/objective-lenses/

Microscope lenses are highly complex optical elements that correct for many different optical aberrations.  This lecture describes a number of these aberrations and discusses what you should consider when selecting an objective lens as well as other precautions you can take to reduce the effects of aberrations.</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/7af0da59-0b80-4dbb-92fd-fbc0f90143a7/0e054f02-814b-4c93-8446-7f350600ef8c-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/gbvKBJcrgPCQFtxnCvBHu4</video:player_loc><video:duration>1812</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>0</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-05-25T05:51:44.171Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/2De9XFnCd3oa2xPGy4UY67</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/41f486db-3e5c-4e78-93de-bd0d85e53194.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>Microscopy： Optimizing Detection of GFP (Roger Tsien)</video:title><video:description>Learn more: https://www.ibiology.org/talks/detection-of-gfp/

This lecture discusses factors controlling the detectability of GFP within the cell and how to optimize these factors so as to maximize its detectability.</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/0d4bc3cf-aff8-45fa-9482-a743ebac00d8/b7157a17-be4f-40a3-9d27-741336325afe-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/2De9XFnCd3oa2xPGy4UY67</video:player_loc><video:duration>533</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>0</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-05-26T07:12:54.646Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/qQu9XAGpaXSGQuF9cs9HfF</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/ee32f941-2565-4fd3-ad56-75aee7e464a0.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>Microscopy： Point Spread Function (Jeff Lichtman)</video:title><video:description>Learn more: https://www.ibiology.org/talks/point-spread-function/

An infinitesimally small point appears in the microscope as a spot with a certain size, blurred in the z-direction and with concentric rings around it.  This "point spread function" reveals many of the optical properties of your microscope.  This lecture explains why and how the microscope images a point as a point spread function.</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/c920612d-8bed-4e20-9f74-6d766968b857/6d888476-0da7-414a-806f-84eb51542f09-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/qQu9XAGpaXSGQuF9cs9HfF</video:player_loc><video:duration>1714</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>0</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-05-29T06:30:47.333Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/sZoqjRXbUrbX79qRwroaUW</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/01cfe066-f19d-4f24-956e-5f13e1f1104f.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>Microscopy： Setting Up Koehler Illumination (Ron Vale)</video:title><video:description>Learn more: https://www.ibiology.org/talks/set-up-koehler-illumination/

Koehler illumination is the preferred method for obtaining even illumination of the specimen and is a critical alignment procedure in microscopy. This lab goes through a step-by-step procedure of aligning the lamp and condenser to achieve Koehler illumination.</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/da90d105-de63-4714-889c-80451e123f42/31f5de42-34f1-4045-be59-5bbf2d8d2be8-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/sZoqjRXbUrbX79qRwroaUW</video:player_loc><video:duration>678</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>0</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-05-21T03:46:44.612Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/dBKZtw9DZMwCoKpHiYMfYm</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/5776b360-3b2d-42e1-948d-e941d3055737.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>Microscopy： What Can You Learn With a Light Microscope (Ron Vale)</video:title><video:description>Get the whole course: https://www.ibiology.org/talks/light-microscopy/

This lecture provides an overview of the historical contributions that light microscopy has made to the life sciences and an overview of current exciting developments, such as GFP, super-resolution microscopy, using microscopy to measure biochemical reactions, and imaging of the nervous system.</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/662bce66-5d53-4bb6-bbdf-765e545991a4/66614d59-bdc0-44eb-b42d-32c426c35f5e-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/dBKZtw9DZMwCoKpHiYMfYm</video:player_loc><video:duration>1163</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>0</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-05-18T04:48:38.021Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/9WFjDYwyr5wXxQ3hF731EH</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/5302d46d-4843-4fac-9d57-49512ec91779.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>iBiology Microscopy： Course Overview (Ron Vale)</video:title><video:description>Learn more: https://www.ibiology.org/talks/microscopy-course-overview/</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/486b8174-1412-4d19-a60b-4df02634b1d5/cacb4f81-1411-4cd7-8e5b-75d8465fb0f2-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/9WFjDYwyr5wXxQ3hF731EH</video:player_loc><video:duration>168</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>0</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-05-17T04:50:32.908Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/w/4871MjYVxunKm9nb3zv5NY</loc><video:video><video:thumbnail_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/lazy-static/thumbnails/5ebb7d90-eb18-4c94-941c-1a8ca537cc4e.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc><video:title>Microscopy： What Is Light？ (Bo Huang)</video:title><video:description>Learn more: https://www.ibiology.org/talks/photons/

This lecture discusses the many aspects of light.  Light can be described as rays, waves, or particles.  Various aspects of all three of these descriptions are presented, such as ray tracing, wavelength, frequency, refraction, dispersion, diffraction, interference, the photoelectric effect and photons as the quantized energy of light.</video:description><video:content_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/static/streaming-playlists/hls/1949540b-ce07-4036-9a1e-802455af8f0c/7a785642-a541-49d6-8cfe-8a6546866272-master.m3u8</video:content_loc><video:player_loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/videos/embed/4871MjYVxunKm9nb3zv5NY</video:player_loc><video:duration>1419</video:duration><video:rating>0</video:rating><video:view_count>0</video:view_count><video:publication_date>2026-05-19T17:17:46.989Z</video:publication_date><video:family_friendly>YES</video:family_friendly><video:uploader info="https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos">openlectures</video:uploader><video:live>NO</video:live></video:video></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/openlectures/videos</loc></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/c/3rd_degree_anarchist/videos</loc></url><url><loc>https://tube.cosmicflow.space/a/zaimon/video-channels</loc></url></urlset>